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In a Detailed and Unpublished Letter on Classical and Quantum Physics, Albert Einstein Issues a Treatise – a Scientific Explanation – Underpinning His Belief That the Universe Cannot Be Random by Albert Einstein

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$75,000.00

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Seller: The Raab Collection

Title: In a Detailed and Unpublished Letter on Classical and Quantum Physics, Albert Einstein Issues a Treatise – a Scientific Explanation – Underpinning His Belief That the Universe Cannot Be Random
Author: Albert Einstein
Seller: The Raab Collection (United States)
Description: 17/02/1953. In this letter from Einstein to David Bohm, Einstein discusses the importance of connecting a key principle of the relatively new theory of quantum mechanics (the “Born interpretation”) to physical quantities that can be measured in the real world. To him, it is essential that mathematical theories be connected to measurable quantities. In this letter, Einstein’s uneasiness with quantum mechanics is apparent, saying that validation of the seemingly random quantum mechanics “…can only be done on the basis of classical mechanics.” Without this validation, quantum theory has essentially “no controllable meaning.” Max Born was a renowned physicist who was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics (and also the Ph.D. supervisor of many important physicists including J. Robert Oppenheimer). Quantum mechanics describes the weird behavior of tiny subatomic particles. It’s also the guiding theory that led to critical technologies like nuclear power, MRI machines, and transistors in computers and phones. One of Born’s biggest contributions to quantum mechanics was the interpretation of the probability density, which is a mathematical operation performed on the “psi-function” (in Einstein’s words) to predict the most probable physical quantities of a quantum particle. Einstein believed that probabilities only make sense if you can determine the values that they predict independently by measurement. This is easy to do in classical, Newtonian, mechanics (the physics of big things in everyday life). But Einstein said we can’t measure it for something like a “bound electron” (i.e., an electron in an atom). In order to interpret Born’s probability density function, you need to connect the mathematics to real values. Einstein’s correspondence with Born on this subject is published and famous.To Einstein, the universe is observable and measurable.When confronted with one of the principle tenets of Quantum Mechanics, Einstein remarked, now famously, “Quantum mechanics is very imposing. But an inner voice tells me that it is not the real McCoy. The theory delivers a lot but hardly brings us closer to the secret of the Old One [God]. I for one am convinced that He does not throw dice.” This statement was made in one of those significant letters to Born. What he meant here is that rules of science cannot be random, and in the rolling of dice we would have to accept unknown variables and therefore be unable to predict precisely via objective measurements. Therefore, in Quantum Mechanics (as in gambling), an uncertainty of measurement exists. And to Einstein, the universe is observable and measurable. He did not object to Quantum Mechanics per se; indeed he made notable contributions. But he eschewed any reliance on what was not observable and knowable.David Joseph Bohm was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. His first book, Quantum Theory, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he had written about in that book.Bohm’s aim was not to set out a deterministic, mechanical viewpoint, but to show that it was possible to attribute properties to an underlying reality, in contrast to the conventional approach. He began to develop his own interpretation (the De Broglie–Bohm theory, also called the Pilot wave theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially referred to his approach as a hidden variable theory. Bohm originally hoped that hidden variables could provide a local, causal, objective description that would resolve or eliminate many of the paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics, the measurement problem and the collapse of the wavefunction. However, Bell’s theorem complicates this hope, as it demonstrates that there can be no local hidden variable theory that is compatible with the predictions of Quantum Mechanics. The Bohmian interpretation is causal but not local. Albert Einstein, who had suggested that Bohm search for a realist alternative to the prevailing Copenhagen approach, did not consider Bohm’s interpretation to be a satisfactory answer to the quantum question.The Copenhagen interpretation is an expression of the meaning of Quantum Mechanics that was largely devised in the years 1925 to 1927 by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It remains one of the most commonly taught interpretations of Quantum Mechanics. According to the Copenhagen interpretation, physical systems generally do not have definite properties prior to being measured, and Quantum Mechanics can only predict the probabilities that measurements will produce certain results. The act of measurement affects the system, causing the set of probabilities to reduce to only one of the possible values immediately after the measurement.In classical mechanics, a particle has, at every moment, an exact position and an exact momentum. These values change deterministically as the particle moves according to Newton’s laws. Under the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, particles do not have exactly determined properties, and when they are measured, the result is randomly drawn from a probability distribution. The Schrödinger equation predicts what the probability distributions are, but fundamentally cannot predict the exact result of each measurement.Typed letter signed, on his blind embossed letterhead, February 17, 1953, Professor Bohm. “Dear Bohm: I thank you very much for the prompt reaction to my little article. I did, of course, not expect that you would agree with me. For scarcely anyone is inclined to abandon an enterprise in which le has invested a great deal of work.“I do not want to answer your letter in detail although it deserves it very much. Only a short remark concerning the interpretation of Born’s standpoint:“According to Born the physical meaning of the psi-function follows: it determines probabilities (f.i. for the value of impulses). this makes sense only if the impulse is defined independently of the mathematical theory by some feasible measurement. This can only be done on the basis of classical mechanics. F.i. if one has calculated the impulse of a bound electron on the basis of a psi-function then this result has no controllable meaning. For there is no possibility to measure such a thing (not even approximately). However, if one has to do with a makro-object which is, at least temporarily, approximately free, then one is able to determine experimentally (at least approximately) its impulse,(f.i. through two successive snapshots or through radar.) If it is at all possible to attribute meaning to Born’s interpretation then the impulse, the probability of which appears in the theory, has to be put equal to the impulse thus measured. Classical (approxi_mate) measurement of the impulse is, however, (in my example) very well feasible without first removing the walls and then waiting some time. Born’s probability, therefore, has to be interpreted as relative to the impulse thus measured if this probability is to have any meaning at all.“The vanishing of position-probability for the nodes offers no difficulty, though it is true that this fact excludes the interpretation of the process as a motion in the strict sense of the word. For the factual process will only approximately be describable as a motion (as f.i. the action of a gas upon a small part of the wall is describable only approximately by the concept of pressure).“With regard to the publication of your remarks in the Born volume, I have some scruples the reason for which you will readily understand. I have sent a copy of my article to you but not to de Broglie because this would have seemed to me somewhat pretentious. If, therefore, your answer would be published together with my remarks without de Broglie having had the possibility to do the same, he might feel it as an unkindness from my side.“This would be avoided if you would send De Broglie my remarks together with your reply, adding that you do this with my consent. If you have done this and have received his reaction to it – then the editors of the Born volume can be approached in the matter. I would consider it as reasonable and justified to do so.”This is a remarkably detailed scientific letter mentioning numerous significant physicists, containing a hand-drawn symbol, and directly relating to his important theories. It is also, in a sense, his defense of his own work, including relativity.

Elementa Doctrinae de Circulis Coelestibus et Primo Motu by PEUCER, Kaspar

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$3,500.00

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Seller: Heritage Book Shop, LLC

Title: Elementa Doctrinae de Circulis Coelestibus et Primo Motu
Author: PEUCER, Kaspar
Seller: Heritage Book Shop, LLC (United States)
Description: Wittenberg: Excudebat Johannes Crato, 1569. Full Description: PEUCER, Kaspar. Elementa Doctrinae de Circulis Coelestibus et Primo Motu. recognita et correcta. Wittenberg: Excudebat Johannes Crato, 1569. Early (4th?) edition. First published in 1551. With numerous woodcut diagrams in the text, including four with working volvelles in facsimile. Volvelles found on pages 91, 94, 149 and 189. Also with eight folding tables. A woodcut device on title-page and woodcut initials. Small octavo (6 1/4 x 3 3/4 inches; 159 x 95 mm). [16], 128, 145-304 pp. Mistakes in pagination, but collates complete. [Together with]: THEODORICUS, Sebastian. Novae Quaestiones Sphaerae, Hoc Est, De Circulis Coelestibus, Et primo mobili: in gratiam studiosae iuventutis scriptae. Wittenberg: [Johannes Crato], 1570. Early (3rd?) edition. First published in 1564. With numerous woodcut diagrams in the text, including four with working volvelles in facsimile. Volvelles found on pages 99, 103, 141 and 193. Also with three folding tables. A woodcut device on title-page and woodcut initials. One full page woodcut plate and two full page charts in the text. Small octavo (6 1/4 x 3 3/4 inches; 159 x 95 mm). [16], 320 pp. With the original blank A8. Two works bound together in a contemporary dated binding of German alum-tawed pigskin over wooden boards from 1576 with the initials BPM and a large portrait of a German nobleman (likely Prince Palatine Johann Friedrich II of Saxony) on the front board. The panel stamp on the back board is dated 1573 in the plate with the initials T.R. and bears the arms of Wittenberg and the two towers of the Stadtkirche. With twisted brass clasps and catches intact. All edges dyed red. A bit of worming to boards and throughout the second work. Also in the second work, the upper outer corner of leaf E5 renewed, not affecting text. Overall a very good copy of each work in an attractive binding. Caspar Peucer and Sebastianus Theodoricus were both prominent German scholars and mathematicians based at the University of Wittenberg in the 16th century. Together, they were key figures in the Melanchthonian circle, which promoted the study of mathematics, astronomy, and classical education within a Lutheran framework. Peucer was in fact the son-in-law of Philipp Melanchthon. They were active in the Wittenberg academic scene following the work of Erasmus Reinhold, bridging the gap between classical astronomical models and new calculations. The Wittenberg Interpretation refers to the work of astronomers and mathematicians at the University of Wittenberg in response to the heliocentric model of the Solar System proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, in his 1543 book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. The Wittenberg Interpretation fostered an acceptance of the heliocentric model and had a part in beginning the Scientific Revolution. In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus changed the scientific world by publishing De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. This was the first time that a heliocentric model had seriously been considered, and publicised, and resulted in a slew of opinions on how the universe may work. One such place that these debates existed was the University of Wittenberg which was home to many astronomers, astrologists and mathematicians, such as Erasmus Reinhold, Philip Melanchthon, Caspar Peucer, Georg Rheticus, and Albrecht Hohenzollern. The work of such figures became known as the Wittenberg Interpretation, which historians recognise as important in fostering acceptance for the heliocentric explanation of the universe, and the wider shift of public views over time; and the beginning of the Scientific Revolution... Under the patronage of Philipp Melanchthon, who endorsed the teaching of Copernican techniques despite personal reservations about upending geocentric cosmology, Wittenberg scholars integrated elements of the model into Lutheran academic curricula, prioritizing empirical improvements in ephemerides over ontological commitments... Figures like Caspar Peucer further refined these methods... Peucer mainly cited Copernican quantitative material in order to help explain celestial motions, even though it was different from scripture, and to discuss absolute distances of the sun, moon and earth. He also utilized Copernican data to discuss eclipses and the length of the day. In Peucer's teachings, the findings of Copernicus could not be utilized in extensive arguments because he was considered to be aligned with the theory of Aristarchus.[4] Peucer thought that Copernicanism was offensive and should not be taught in education; however, although Peucer's views did not align with Copernican theory, he still had to teach and advised his students to consider Copernican theory because it was a scientific theory. (Wikipedia) (Westman, Robert S. (1975). "The Melanchthon Circle, Rheticus, and the Wittenberg Interpretation of the Copernican Theory". Isis. 66 (2): 165-193.) HBS 69590. $3,500.

America Invoked to Praise the Lord by WADSWORTH, Benjamin

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$1,250.00

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Seller: Heritage Book Shop, LLC

Title: America Invoked to Praise the Lord
Author: WADSWORTH, Benjamin
Seller: Heritage Book Shop, LLC (United States)
Description: Printed At Salem: Thomas C. Cushing, 1795. Full Description: WADSWORTH, Benjamin. America Invoked to Praise the Lord. A Discourse Delivered on the Day of Public Thanksgiving through the United States of American, February 19, 1795. Printed At Salem: Thomas C. Cushing, 1795. First edition (?). Small octavo (8 1/2 x 5 1/2 inches; 220 x 140 mm). 31, [1, blank] pp. With half-title. Stitch-bound in contemporary drab paper wrappers. Uncut. Previous owner's ownership inscription dated 1799 on recto and verso of half-title. Some minor foxing throughout. Overall very good. This is Rev. Wadsworth's sermon in response to Washington's second Thanksgiving Day proclamation. "Washington issued a proclamation on October 3, 1789, designating Thursday, November 26 as a national day of thanks. In his proclamation, Washington declared that the necessity for such a day sprung from the Almighty's care of Americans prior to the Revolution, assistance to them in achieving independence, and help in establishing the constitutional government... The 1789 Thanksgiving Proclamation, however, did not establish a permanent federal holiday. Washington issued another proclamation in February 1795 to recognize the defeat of a taxation rebellion in Pennsylvania." (Mount Vernon dot org). "The text of Presidential thanksgiving proclamations reveals a the dramatic evolution of the idea and meaning of Thanksgiving Day. Thanksgiving proclamations began as a call to participate in a day of solemn reflection and expression of thanks to a Supreme Being. Over time, however, the Thanksgiving Proclamation has evolved to evoke a distinctively American history and celebration of certain core values. Washington (in 1789 and 1795) and Madison (1815) proclaimed that there be a day of reflection and public thanksgiving for peace and abundance. " (Evolution of the Thanksgiving Proclamation By John T. Woolley). In this present sermon, Wadsworth praises the "supreme ruler" as well as the "Illustrious Washington" for the "happy fruits and effects of one of the most memorable revolutions, recorded in all history." He goes on to say "We rejoiced in our trans-atlantic parentage... we gloried in calling Britain's King, ours. But no sooner did the patriotic sons of America discover the deep concerted scheme, than they sounded the alarm. The tidings flew. Soon the fire of liberty spread, and rose to political enthusiasm. Liberty was the native privilege of America son; and never would they tamely submit, to have the shackles of slavery riveted upon them." "On February 26th, 1775, the first armed resistance by the colonies to British authority occurred on the North Bridge in Salem. When reports of illegally held ammunition were in North Fields, the British sent Colonel Leslie and 300 British soldiers from Boston to seize them. The citizens of Salem had been forewarned of the approaching British forces, so they gathered at the North Bridge and raised the draw. No blood was shed that day as a compromise was reached between Colonel Pickering and Colonel Leslie. However, this event was nonetheless the unofficial beginning of the American Revolution." (Salem MA dot gov). "By the time Leslie had reached the North Bridge in Salem, the draw was raised, and the opposite side of the river defended by men from Danvers and Salem, armed with muskets, pitchforks, clubs and other rude weapons, who dared them to proceed at peril of their lives. Among them was Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, pastor of the First Church, who shouldered his musket and hastened to the scene." (Chronicles of Danvers, Tapley). "Benjamin Wadsworth (1750-1826), a Danvers, Massachusetts, minister, was born on July 18, 1750, in Milton to Esther and Benjamin Wadsworth (1707-1771), a deacon and representative to the Massachusetts General Court from 1769 to 1771. The younger Wadsworth graduated from Harvard College with an AB in 1769 and received an AM in 1772. He served as minister of the First Congregational Church of Danvers. Wadsworth was a member of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Massachusetts Humane Society. He was the first president of the Danvers Moral Society. In 1816 he received a D.D. at the Harvard Commencement of 1816. He died on January 20, 1826. There is no known relation between this Wadsworth family and Harvard President Benjamin Wadsworth (1670-1737)." (Hollis Archives, Harvard Library). Evans 29825. Sabin 100917. HBS 69089. $1,250.

Indoor Plants and Gardens by Gray, Patience (editor); Margaret E. Jones & H.F. Clark; Gordon Cullen (illustrator)

7 to 14 days for delivery

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$150.00

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Seller: Rabelais - Fine Books on Food & Drink

Title: Indoor Plants and Gardens
Author: Gray, Patience (editor); Margaret E. Jones & H.F. Clark; Gordon Cullen (illustrator)
Seller: Rabelais - Fine Books on Food & Drink (United States)
Description: London: The Architectural Press, 1952. Octavo (22 x 14.5 cm.), 154 pages. Illustrated. Bibliography. FIRST EDITION. A handsomely designed and illustrated guide to indoor plants, with instructions for planting and care. The core of the book is a botanical listing of indoor plants, from Aechmae and Aloe to Zebrina and Tradescantia. The final, photographically illustrated, section suggests design ideas for integrating the plants into a modern space. Edited by Patience Gray and Primrose Boyd, the team that would five years later offer the bestselling cookbook, Plats du Jour (1957). Decades later, Gray would give us her masterpiece, Honey from a Weed. Internally clean and sound; publisher's yellow cloth, titled in green at the spine. Some faint darkening to top edge, otherwise fine. In an unclipped dust jacket, worn at the top edge, chipped near the top of the spine, and with some darkening to the spine; otherwise very good. Very scarce, especially in the first printing.

Harry Callahan Color - 1941-1980 by Callahan, Harry. Tow, Robert and Winsor (editors). Williams, Jonathan (foreword). Coleman, A.D. (afterword)

7 to 14 days for delivery

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$100.00

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Seller: Johnnycake Books ABAA, ILAB

Title: Harry Callahan Color - 1941-1980
Author: Callahan, Harry. Tow, Robert and Winsor (editors). Williams, Jonathan (foreword). Coleman, A.D. (afterword)
Seller: Johnnycake Books ABAA, ILAB (United States)
Condition: Near Fine
Description: Providence: Matrix Publications, 1980. 1st Edition. Hardcover. Near Fine. First trade edition. A fine, apparently unused copy in cloth covered slipcase modestly sun-faded, along with book spine.

Anaconda: Life of Marcus Daly, The Copper King by SHOEBOTHAM, H. Minar

6 to 14 days for delivery

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$75.00

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Seller: Argosy Book Store

Title: Anaconda: Life of Marcus Daly, The Copper King
Author: SHOEBOTHAM, H. Minar
Seller: Argosy Book Store (United States)
Condition: near fine
Description: Harrisburg: Stackpole Company, 1956. First. hardcover. near fine/very good(+). Illustrated sparsely in black and white. 220 pages. 8vo, red and white boards, d.w. (edgeworn and with small chips). Harrisburg: Stackpole Company, (1956). Near fine in a very good(+) dust wrapper.

Shorter Contributions to General Geology. Geology and Ore Deposits of Copper Mountain and Kasaan Peninsula Alaska. Lavas of Hawaii and Their Relations. The Fauna of the Chapman Sandstone of Maine. Shorter Contributions to General Geology (Professiona

5 to 14 days for delivery

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$40.00

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Seller: Weller Book Works ABAA/ILAB

Title: Shorter Contributions to General Geology. Geology and Ore Deposits of Copper Mountain and Kasaan Peninsula Alaska. Lavas of Hawaii and Their Relations. The Fauna of the Chapman Sandstone of Maine. Shorter Contributions to General Geology (Professiona
Seller: Weller Book Works ABAA/ILAB (United States)
Condition: Very Good
Description: Government Printing Office, 1914-1916. Very Good. . Shorter Contributions to General Geology. Geology and Ore Deposits of Copper Mountain and Kasaan Peninsula Alaska. Lavas of Hawaii and Their Relations. The Fauna of the Chapman Sandstone of Maine. Shorter Contributions to General Geology (Professiona. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914-1916. Illustrated. 4to. Book condition: Very good. The leather on the covers is rubbed. The spine is faded. There are library numbers at the foot of the spine, and there is a library label on the front paste-down. The edges of the first 4 pages are slightly moisture stained. The book is very sturdy. Other authors include Charles Will Wright, Whitman Cross, and Henry Shaler Williams.

Widow's Might by Powel, Harford

2 to 8 days for delivery

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$30.00

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Seller: Carpetbagger Books, ABAA

Title: Widow's Might
Author: Powel, Harford
Seller: Carpetbagger Books, ABAA (United States)
Condition: Very Good
Description: New York: Greenberg: Publisher, 1934. First Edition. Hardcover. Very Good. Very Good, lacking the jacket. Black cloth, lightly rubbed, with orange ink lettering and designs on the spine and front board. Bound with some reading wear and a forward lean, faded orange topstain, clean internally. An early novel from the former editor of Harper's and Collier's. According to Editor and Publisher, this novel is "very much worth the reading of anyone interested in the business of writing, anyone interested in the depression and its relation to authors.

Poker According to Maverick

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$15.00

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Seller: Kenneth Mallory Bookseller. ABAA

Title: Poker According to Maverick
Seller: Kenneth Mallory Bookseller. ABAA (United States)
Condition: Very good
Description: NY: Dell, 1959. Mass market paperback. Very good. Mass market paperback. First Printing. Lightly rubbed with some pinholes on the front that go through the first few pages, else very good.

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music: A Guide to Composers and Recommended Recordings by SALTER, Lionel

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$5.00

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Seller: J & J Lubrano Music Antiquarians LLC

Title: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music: A Guide to Composers and Recommended Recordings
Author: SALTER, Lionel
Seller: J & J Lubrano Music Antiquarians LLC (United States)
Condition: Very Good
Description: [London]: [Salamander], 1978. Softcover. Very Good. Quarto. Illustrated wrappers. 217 pp. Profusely illustrated, many in color.

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